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Through Chinatown’s Eyes: April 1968

by Feng Zhaoying, World Journal

透過中國城的眼睛 探討認同危機

記者馮兆音╱華府報導

May 2, 2015, 6:00 am

Easten Law leading community discussion

透過中國城的眼睛」採訪的歷史見證者在放映後舉辦討論會,討論多年來華裔的認同危機和華府中國城的歷史演變。(記者馮兆音/攝影)

紀錄片「透過中國城的眼睛」日前在中國城社區教堂公開放映,李劉曼斯(後右三)、毛遠珉(後右四)和與會者合影。(記者馮兆音/攝影)

巴爾的摩騷亂尚未平息,打砸搶燒的場景猶如1968年暴動歷史重演。美國民權運動領袖金恩(Martin Luther King)當年遇刺身亡,撼動全美,引爆華府在內的多個城市連日暴動。記錄這段歷史的資料浩如煙海,卻鮮有從華裔美國人的角度,以口述歷史方式呈現事件原貌。紀錄片「透過中國城的眼睛(Through Chinatown Eyes)」採訪十幾名當年親歷暴動的華人,日前在中國城社區教堂首次公開放映。影片製作團隊及多名歷史見證者,將在放映後舉辦討論會,討論多年來華裔的認同危機和華府中國城的歷史演變。

1968年4月4日金恩被刺,華府爆發長達五日暴動,波及中國城區域,有華人商鋪被打砸搶燒。片中描述,華裔家庭經營的商鋪暫時關門,因催淚彈煙霧瀰漫全街,全家只能躲在地下室豎起耳朵聽外面聲響,無法踏出店外。有的華人在店面玻璃窗上寫上支持非裔的「靈魂兄弟」(soul bros)字樣,躲過被砸被燒的大劫;有的卻沒那麼幸運,店鋪被破門而入、毀於一炬。這場暴動因而成為不少華人搬離華府、移居城郊的催化劑,是中國城演變的歷史轉捩點。

 

April 1968 group photo of premier April 2015

Producers, Supporters, Commentators and Interviewed

然而總的來說,68年暴動過後,華裔和非裔間的關係並未變得緊張,因不少華人子弟在非裔為主的學校上課,同為少數族裔的華人,也較能理解非裔的訴求。

 

導演李劉曼斯(Penny Lee)及編劇毛遠珉(Lisa Mao),以近半年的時間完成這部25分鐘的影片,其中不僅探討暴動本身,還觸及華人身分認同的議題。

紀錄上一個遷入華府的華裔居民,在1851年搬到賓州大道,即中國城發祥地。以台山人為主的華裔移民,在20世紀初陸續從西岸或太平洋彼岸搬到華府,中國城則因國家廣場建設,搬到如今的H街和第七街附近區域。雖然華裔居民漸漸增加,華府人口組成依以白人和非裔為主。1960年,拉丁裔、亞裔及其他種族人口,在華府只占2%。

卡在白人和非裔中間,華裔常有置身其外之感(the sense of otherness)。從60年代就住在華府的曹元超說,華裔當時是「少數族裔中的少數」,他小時候曾被白人和非裔開帶歧視性的玩笑。「那時寧願變成白人或黑人,背後能有強大的族群。」他認為,直到李小龍以功夫巨星之姿,在全美造成一股旋風,華裔得到的尊重才日漸提升。

近期佛格森、巴爾的摩騷亂,再次揭開美國族群分裂的傷疤,「透過中國城的眼睛」中記錄的歷史重演,該片團隊感歎,美國社會改變了許多,但又有許多從未變遷,黑白族群對立仍十分嚴重。

華府中國城的萎縮式微,也讓在場的中國城老居民不勝唏噓。曹元超擔憂地說:「家庭主營的中式小店,都被掛上中文招牌的連鎖快餐店取代,住在中國城低保房的華裔耆老,每個周末要租大巴專程去華人超市買菜。這個中國城,還跟中國有什麼關係?」

要保存華府中國城的「中國味」,傳承中華文化、凝聚華裔社區力量至關重要。以此為目標的口述歷史系列講座每月舉辦一次,並接受捐款支持,詳情可電郵主辦人江權活:tkgong@aol.com。

 

 1882 Foundation Recognized in ChinaTed receiving award in GUZ

 The 1882 Foundation was among eight organizations from around the world to receive awards for their work promoting the history and culture of Overseas Chinese.  Other organizations included language, social services and community entities from Australia, Japan, Italy, and Malaysia.   The Chinese American Citizen Alliance’s Pedro Chan was also recognized for his work promoting the history of the WWII Flying Tigers.

The awards culminated a symposium on the preservation of Chinese culture organized by the Zhigong Party, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, China Radio International, and China International Broadcasting Network.  The one day seminar was held at the Guangzhou Academy of Socialism in Guangzhou.   Keynote speakers and panelists included Alhambra City Mayor Stephen Sham, Singapore Nanyang University Director of Chinese Heritage Center Zhou Min, and Fudan University historian Professor Ge Jianxiong.   Ted Gong, Executive Director for 1882 Foundation, accepted the award on behalf of the 1882 Foundation.  Below are his acceptance remarks in English and Chinese:

Comments at International Forum on Chinese Culture 

I want to thank the Guangzhou Zhrgong Party, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, China Radio International and China Internal Broadcasting Network for their recognition of the work the 1882 Project Foundation does.

Their support encourages us to continue telling the world that Chinese exclusion laws were enacted first in 1882, again in 1892, again in 1902…  and it was not until 2011 and 2012  (130 years later) did the U.S. Congress acknowledge the harm and violence and killings these laws justified.  This story of exclusion was being lost until the 1882 Project led a grass roots campaign to tell Congress that we –the descendants of peasants, farmers and workers from China– would not be forgotten.  Our stories will be told.

Importantly, regardless of being Chinese or American, there are lessons to learn from understanding what the Chinese exclusion laws were, how they come to be enacted historically, and their consequences to civil rights of all peoples in the United States then and today.

The 1882 Foundation does this through three initiatives:  1) Organizing an annual national conference in Washington DC of museums, historical societies and private/government agencies from around the U.S.;  2) Developing curriculum and teacher guides;  3) Collecting and sharing oral histories.

We have been doing this since 2012.  Each year, we have expanded.  What makes our effort difficult is the lack of a permanent central location to plan and carry out our projects and programs…  We need a museum or history center to sustain and grow our programs.

In Washington DC, there are museums for the many people and their cultures.  This is proper because we should memorialize their contributions to strengthening and enriching the American nation.  In DC, we have a museum for the American Indians.  We will open the African American Museum next year.  We will soon begin to study the building of a museum for Hispanic Americans.   But, there is nothing for Chinese Americans.   We need your support to establish such a museum in Washington DC.

In closing, I want to point out that, while I represent the 1882 Foundation, I also represent the Chinese American Citizens Alliance (Tongyuanhui同源会”).  This organization was formed in 1895 (almost a contemporary to the Zhrgongtang (致公堂)) to help the Chinese people in the United States.

Those people at that time came largely from here –from Guangdong, Szeyup ,  Toyshan…and for me, from Fayuan, ….  This is the heartland.   But, it also part of a larger common source that includes all of China, including Fujian, Shangdong, and Taiwan.   And, while my Chinese is terrible, it is comforting to know that the work we do in the 1882 Foundation over 8,000 miles away in America is recognized here by people whom I can say share a common root with me, who are “of the same language and same race.”  Tongwen, tongzhong 同文同種

Again, thank you for encouraging us to tell the stories of our people, to ensure their legacy of courage, struggle, sacrifice, perseverance and exploration continue. ##

Ted at GUZ 11_2015 (2)

首先,我要感谢致公黨廣州市委、廣東外語外貿大學、廣州傳媒控股有限公司和中國國際廣播電台國際台及華語中心..对1882基金会所从事工作的褒奖。

他们的支持鼓励我们继续向世人揭露排华法案的历史。这些排华法案从1882年首次颁布,又在1892年,1902年得到进一步确认。直到130年后的2011年和2012年,美国国会才承认这些法案带来的伤害、暴力和杀戮。排华法案这段历史渐渐被遗忘,直到1882项目领导的基层民众运动向国会宣告,我们——来自中国的农民和工人的后代——不会忘记。我们要让人们知道我们的经历。

重要的是,无论是中国人还是美国人,都要通过了解什么是排华法案,它们产生的历史背景,它们在当时和今天给所有美国人的民权带来的后果,以便从中吸取教训。

1882基金会通过三项活动来做到这点: 第一,组织每年在华盛顿召开的,有来自美国各地的博物馆从2012年以来,历史学会和私营或政府机构代表参加的全国性会议; 第二,开发课程和教师指南; 第三,收集和分享口述历史。

我们一直在进行这些活动,并且一年年扩大。我们觉得困难的是缺乏一个固定的工作场所来规划和执行我们的项目和活动……我们需要一个博物馆或历史中心来维持和扩展我们的活动。 在华盛顿,已经为许多种族和文化建了博物馆。这是合情合理的,因为我们应该纪念他们为增强和丰富美利坚国家所作的贡献。在华盛顿,已有美国印第安人博物馆。明年将开放非裔美国人博物馆。很快将开始讨论建造一个拉美裔美国人博物馆。但是却没有为华裔美国人的博物馆。我们需要大家的支持在华盛顿建立这样一个博物馆。 最后,我想指出的是,虽然我代表1882基金会,但同时也代表同源会(也称华裔美国公民联盟)。同源会成立于1895年,与致公堂几乎同一时代,目的是帮助在美国的中国人。 这些中国人当时大部分来自广东,四邑,台山,。。。和我的祖居地,花县。。。这些是中心地带。但是,这只是更大地区的一部分,那就是整个中国, 也包括了福建,山东,台湾。。。虽然我的中文很差,但感到欣慰是,知道我们1882基金会远在8000英里外的美国所做的工作能得到这里人们的褒奖,我可以说,因为这里的人和我同出一个根,正所谓“同文同种”。

再次感谢大家的鼓励,鼓励我们述说我们民族的故事,确保他们的勇气,奋斗,牺牲,执着和探索得到发扬光大。

谢谢诸位!##

 

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